Choosing the Right Filament: A Comprehensive Guide to PLA vs. ABS for 3D Printing

In this age of advanced manufacturing, 3D printing is a revolutionary technology that has made it easy for hobbyists, designers, and engineers to create complex designs and functional parts. PLA (Polylactic Acid) and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) are two of the most common filaments used in 3D printing, amongst many other materials available.

This article delves into the essential differences between PLA and ABS, covering their printability, strength, durability, environmental impact, and best use cases. Whether you are new to 3D printing or an experienced user, understanding these differences will help you make an informed choice for your projects.

Printability

Bed Adhesion

Printability is a crucial aspect when choosing a 3D printing filament, and both PLA and ABS have distinct characteristics in this regard. PLA is renowned for its ease of use, making it an excellent choice for beginners. It adheres well to the print bed without requiring a heated bed, although a bed temperature of around 60°C can enhance adhesion and improve overall print quality. This characteristic makes PLA a user-friendly option, minimizing the common issues related to bed adhesion.

source: all3dp.com

In contrast, ABS requires a more controlled printing environment. To prevent warping and ensure good bed adhesion, ABS necessitates a heated bed, typically set between 95 and 110 °C. Warping is a significant issue with ABS due to its higher shrinkage rate as it cools. The temperature differential between the heated nozzle and the cooler ambient environment can cause parts to warp or detach from the bed if not properly managed. Using an enclosure can help maintain a stable temperature around the print area, reducing drafts and preventing warping.

Some advanced 3D printers come with built-in enclosures to address these challenges. For example, the Kingroon KLP1 is designed with a built-in enclosure to provide a stable printing environment for materials like ABS. The KLP1's enclosure helps in maintaining consistent temperatures and minimizing issues like warping, ensuring high-quality prints even with challenging materials.

Warping and Cracking

Warping and cracking are common challenges in 3D printing, particularly with certain materials. PLA is less prone to warping compared to ABS, primarily due to its lower printing temperature and reduced shrinkage rate. This makes PLA ideal for detailed prints with sharp corners and fine features. The lower risk of warping also means that PLA prints can be more dimensionally accurate, which is crucial for applications requiring precision.

ABS requires a controlled environment when being printed. On average, it demands a heated bed temperature range of 95 °C–110 °C. It’s extremely vulnerable to warping due to its high shrinkage rate upon cooling compared to most plastics. The difference in temperature between the heated nozzle and the cold surrounding air can cause part warping or detachment from the print surface. Keeping drafts out by enclosing the printer can help regulate temperature within the surrounding area, thus lowering the chances of warping occurring.

Strength and Durability

Impact Resistance

When it comes to strength and durability, ABS is often the preferred choice for functional parts that need to endure mechanical stress and impact. ABS is renowned for its toughness and impact resistance, making it suitable for applications that require durability, such as automotive components, tool housings, and electronic enclosures. The material’s ability to absorb impact without cracking makes it ideal for producing parts that must withstand physical stress.

PLA, on the other hand, is more brittle than ABS. While it offers high tensile strength, it can crack or break under impact. This brittleness limits PLA’s use in applications that require flexibility and impact resistance. However, PLA’s rigidity and strength are sufficient for a wide range of applications, particularly those where the part will not be subjected to significant mechanical stress.

Tensile Strength

Tensile strength refers to the maximum stress that a material can experience when it is pulled or stretched until it breaks. Generally, PLA has a higher tensile strength than ABS, which means that it can withstand more pulling force before failing. This makes PLA suitable for applications where the part must resist stretching or deformation. Nevertheless, the increased tensile strength of PLA does not always mean greater overall durability since its brittleness might still limit functional uses.

While ABS has lower tensile strength compared to PLA, it is more flexible and tougher. Its ability to bend slightly without breaking makes it appropriate for applications requiring both strength and flexibility in one material. This property becomes particularly useful for parts that need to fit together tightly or endure repeated mechanical stresses.

Environmental Impact

Biodegradability of PLA

One of the significant advantages of PLA is its environmental friendliness. PLA is derived from renewable resources such as corn starch, sugarcane, and tapioca roots, making it a bio-based and biodegradable material. Under industrial composting conditions, PLA can break down into non-toxic byproducts, reducing its environmental footprint. This biodegradability makes PLA an attractive option for projects where sustainability is a priority, such as disposable items, packaging, and educational tools.

However, it is important to note that PLA’s biodegradability is primarily effective in industrial composting facilities, which provide the necessary conditions of high temperature and specific microbial activity. In natural environments, such as landfills or home composts, PLA can take significantly longer to decompose.

Recycling ABS

ABS, in contrast, is derived from petroleum and is not biodegradable. However, it is recyclable, which can mitigate some of its environmental impact. Recycling ABS involves reprocessing the material into new products, which can reduce waste and the demand for virgin materials. Despite this, the infrastructure for recycling ABS is not as widespread as it is for more common plastics like PET, limiting the practical recyclability of ABS.

Moreover, ABS can contribute to plastic pollution if not properly disposed of, as it can persist in the environment for hundreds of years. Therefore, while ABS offers excellent mechanical properties, its environmental impact is a consideration for users looking to minimize their ecological footprint.

Aesthetics

Surface Finish and Post-Processing

The aesthetic finish of 3D printed parts can significantly influence the choice of filament, especially for projects where appearance matters. PLA generally produces a glossy finish and requires minimal post-processing to achieve a smooth surface. This makes PLA ideal for decorative items, prototypes, and display models where a polished appearance is desired.

 

ABS, on the other hand, typically results in a matte finish but offers excellent post-processing capabilities. One of the most popular techniques for finishing ABS prints is acetone vapor smoothing. This process involves exposing the ABS part to acetone vapor, which dissolves the outer layer of the plastic, creating a smooth and glossy surface. This technique is particularly useful for improving the aesthetic quality of parts and achieving a professional finish. But one of the drawbacks of this method is that it may affect the final dimensions of the printed product.

 

Both PLA and ABS can be sanded, painted, and primed, but ABS has more options regarding post-processing, as we have mentioned. PLA’s higher brittleness means it requires more care during sanding to avoid chipping or cracking.

Color and Transparency Options

Both PLA and ABS filaments are available in a wide range of colors, allowing for extensive customization in 3D printed projects. This versatility in color options makes both filaments popular choices for various applications, from artistic creations to functional prototypes.

PLA Color and Transparency Options

PLA is particularly noted for its vibrant and translucent color options, making it an excellent choice for projects where aesthetics are a priority. The bright, vivid colors of PLA can enhance the visual appeal of printed parts, making them more striking and suitable for decorative items, artistic pieces, and educational models. Additionally, PLA offers translucent options that can be used for projects requiring a certain level of light transmission or unique visual effects.

Moreover, PLA filaments are available in several specialty variants that further expand its aesthetic and functional range:

• PLA Metal:

This filament contains metal powders mixed with PLA, giving prints a metallic appearance and a heavier feel, which is ideal for artistic and decorative objects.

• Wood PLA:

Infused with wood fibers, this filament mimics the look and texture of wood, making it perfect for printing items like sculptures, models, and furniture prototypes.

• Glow-in-the-Dark PLA:

This filament contains phosphorescent materials that glow in the dark after being exposed to light, adding a fun and functional element to projects like toys, safety signs, and decorative items.

• Magnetic Iron PLA:

Mixed with iron particles, this filament has magnetic properties, which can be useful for printing custom tools, educational models, and functional parts that need to interact with magnets.

ABS Color and Transparency Options

ABS filaments also come in various colors, but the selection is generally more limited compared to PLA. However, the colors of ABS filaments tend to be more consistent throughout the print due to the material's properties, ensuring a uniform appearance for the entire printed part. This consistency can be advantageous for professional and industrial applications where a flawless finish is required.

While ABS does not have as many specialty variants as PLA, it does offer some advanced composite materials:

Carbon Fiber ABS:

This composite material combines ABS with carbon fiber, resulting in a filament that is significantly stronger and stiffer than standard ABS. Carbon fiber ABS is ideal for high-performance applications where additional strength, rigidity, and reduced weight are critical, such as in automotive parts, drones, and other engineering projects.

PC-ABS:

This blend of polycarbonate (PC) and ABS offers enhanced strength, heat resistance, and impact resistance compared to standard ABS. PC-ABS is well-suited for applications that require the durability and toughness of ABS combined with the improved thermal stability of polycarbonate, making it a preferred choice for high-stress components and parts used in challenging environments.

Both PLA and ABS are available in transparent filament options. These transparent variants are useful for projects where light transmission is essential, such as in decorative applications, light diffusers, vases, and similar items. However, it's important to note that due to the layering process of 3D printing, these filaments will not be 100% clear like glass; they will have a slightly opaque or frosted appearance.

 

When to Use PLA

Ideal Applications

PLA is a versatile filament that is ideal for a wide range of applications, especially for those new to 3D printing. Its ease of use, minimal warping, and good layer adhesion make it perfect for general 3D printing projects, prototypes, and decorative items. PLA is also suitable for educational purposes and projects that do not require high strength or flexibility. Its biodegradability makes it an eco-friendly choice for short-term projects or disposable items.

PLA is particularly well-suited for:

• Prototyping:

Quick and easy creation of prototypes with minimal warping and good dimensional accuracy.

• Decorative Items:

Producing visually appealing items such as vases, sculptures, and ornaments.

• Educational Tools:

Creating models and teaching aids for educational purposes.

• Packaging:

Eco-friendly packaging solutions that benefit from PLA’s biodegradability.

Advantages

Ease of Use:

PLA is easy to print with, requires lower temperatures, and has minimal warping, making it beginner-friendly. It adheres well to the print bed and does not require a heated bed, although one can be used to improve adhesion.

Eco-Friendly:

Being biodegradable and derived from renewable resources, PLA is better for the environment. It decomposes into non-toxic byproducts under industrial composting conditions, making it suitable for eco-conscious projects.

When to Use ABS

Ideal Applications

ABS is the go-to filament for engineering and functional parts that need to withstand mechanical stress and high temperatures. Its superior impact resistance and durability make it ideal for creating parts that will undergo wear and tear, such as gears, automotive components, and electronic housings. ABS is also preferred for high-temperature environments due to its higher glass transition temperature. While ABS is more challenging to print with due to its tendency to warp and emit fumes, its mechanical properties make it worth the effort for many functional applications.

ABS is particularly well-suited for:

• Functional Parts:

Producing durable and impact-resistant parts for mechanical and engineering applications.

• Automotive Components:

Creating parts that can withstand the mechanical stress and heat of automotive environments.

• Electronic Housings:

Making robust enclosures for electronic devices that require strength and heat resistance.

• Prototyping:

Developing prototypes for functional testing that need to endure mechanical stress and high temperatures.

Advantages

Higher Strength and Durability:

ABS offers greater toughness and impact resistance, making it suitable for functional and mechanical parts. Its ability to absorb impact without cracking is crucial for parts that need to endure stress and wear.

Better for Mechanical Parts:

ABS’s flexibility and toughness make it ideal for parts that need to snap together or endure repeated mechanical stress. Its higher glass transition temperature also allows it to perform better in high-temperature environments.

Tips for Printing with PLA

Printing with PLA is straightforward, but there are a few tips to ensure the best results. The optimal printing temperature for PLA is between 190-220°C. Using a heated bed set to around 60°C can improve adhesion, but it is not strictly necessary.

Bed preparation is simple; blue painter’s tape or a glue stick can help the filament stick to the bed surface.

For post-processing, PLA can be easily sanded and painted. Fine-grit sandpaper works well for smoothing surfaces, and patience is key when dealing with intricate details.

Optimal Printing Temperatures:

PLA prints well at temperatures between 190-220°C. Maintaining this range ensures good layer adhesion and smooth prints.

Bed Preparation and Adhesion Techniques:

Although PLA does not require a heated bed, setting the bed temperature to around 60°C can improve adhesion. Applying blue painter’s tape or a thin layer of glue stick on the bed surface can help PLA stick better and reduce the risk of warping.

Post-Processing Tips:

PLA can be easily sanded and painted to achieve a smoother finish. Use fine-grit sandpaper for best results, and take your time with intricate details to avoid damaging the print. For a glossy finish, consider using a clear coat spray after sanding and painting.

For a deeper dive into mastering PLA 3D printing, you can check out the comprehensive guide by Kingroon: How to Perfect Your PLA 3D Printing.

Tips for Printing with ABS

Printing with ABS requires more attention to detail due to its sensitivity to temperature changes and tendency to warp. The optimal printing temperature for ABS is between 220-250°C, with a heated bed set to 95-110°C.

Using an enclosure can help maintain a consistent temperature and prevent drafts that cause warping and cracking. Applying ABS slurry (a mixture of ABS and acetone) to the print bed can improve adhesion.

Given that ABS releases fumes during printing, it’s essential to print in a well-ventilated area or use an air filter to reduce exposure to harmful particles.

Optimal Printing Temperatures:

ABS prints best at temperatures between 220-250°C. A heated bed set to 95-110°C is crucial to prevent warping and ensure good adhesion.

Managing Warping and Cracking:

Using an enclosure to maintain a consistent temperature and prevent drafts is essential when printing with ABS. Applying ABS slurry to the print bed can improve adhesion and reduce the risk of warping. Additionally, printing with a brim or raft can help anchor the print to the bed and minimize warping.

Safety Precautions and Ventilation:

ABS releases fumes that can be harmful, so it is important to print in a well-ventilated area or use an air filter. This reduces exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ultrafine particles (UFPs) that can cause respiratory irritation.

If you own a Kingroon KLP1 3D printer and want to explore more details on printing ABS, we have you covered, check out  our detailed guide: ABS Printing with the KINGROON KLP1 3D Printer.

Explore Kingroon's High-Quality Filament Range

Kingroon offers a wide variety of PLA and ABS filaments with high quality and affordability. Their PLA selection includes standard options as well as specialty filaments like silk PLA, marble PLA, rainbow PLA and wood PLA, allowing users to experiment with different textures and colors to achieve unique results in their projects.

You can explore Kingroon's PLA filaments.

For ABS, Kingroon provides standard ABS that cater to various functional and mechanical needs. Their ABS filaments are designed to offer durability, impact resistance, and heat resistance, making them suitable for demanding applications.

Discover Kingroon's ABS filaments.

FAQs

Q: Which is more good, PLA or ABS?

A: For engineers, ABS is often better than PLA due to its higher strength and temperature resistance, making it ideal for functional and durable parts. PLA is easier to print and biodegradable, making it great for beginners and decorative items. It has a lower melting point and minimal odor.

Q: What are the disadvantages of ABS filament?

A: ABS filament has a few disadvantages. It emits fumes during printing, requiring good ventilation. It also needs a heated bed to prevent warping, making it more challenging to print with compared to PLA. Additionally, ABS is less environmentally friendly, as it is not biodegradable. Its shrinkage can also affect dimensional accuracy.

Q: Is PLA less toxic than ABS?

A: Yes, PLA is generally less toxic than ABS. PLA is made from renewable resources and emits a mild, sweet odor when printed. ABS, however, releases fumes that require proper ventilation due to potential irritants..

Q: Is PLA or ABS better for food?

A: PLA is generally better for food-related 3D prints. It's biodegradable, non-toxic, and FDA-approved for food contact. PLA has a lower melting point, making it safer for food applications. ABS, while durable, isn't food-safe and can release harmful fumes when heated. However, PLA isn't suitable for high-temperature foods or dishwashers..

Q: Are PLA and ABS environmentally friendly?

A: PLA is derived from renewable resources and is biodegradable under industrial composting conditions, making it more environmentally friendly. ABS is derived from petroleum and is not biodegradable, but it can be recycled.

Q: Can both PLA and ABS be used for detailed and decorative prints?

A: Yes, both PLA and ABS can be used for detailed and decorative prints. PLA is known for its vibrant and translucent color options, making it ideal for artistic projects. ABS provides a more matte finish but can achieve a smooth, glossy surface through acetone vapor smoothing.

Q: Where can I find high-quality PLA and ABS filaments?

A: Kingroon offers a wide variety of high-quality PLA and ABS filaments at competitive prices. Their PLA selection includes standard options and specialty filaments like silk PLA, marble PLA, and rainbow PLA. Their ABS selection includes standard ABS. Explore Kingroon's PLA filaments and ABS filaments.

Conclusion

Choosing between PLA and ABS depends largely on the specific requirements of your project. PLA is easier to print with, environmentally friendly, and ideal for beginners and decorative items. ABS, while more challenging to print, offers greater strength and durability, making it suitable for functional and mechanical parts. Understanding the properties and best practices for each filament will help you achieve the best results in your 3D printing endeavors. Whether you prioritize ease of use, environmental impact, or mechanical properties, both PLA and ABS have their unique advantages that can cater to your specific needs.

By considering factors such as printability, strength, durability, environmental impact, and aesthetic finish, you can make an informed decision on which filament to use for your next 3D printing project. PLA and ABS each offer distinct benefits that make them suitable for different applications, and knowing when to use each one can enhance the quality and functionality of your printed parts.